Optimal Active And Reactive Power Control Essay - 1529 Words

Optimal Active and Reactive Power Control of Wind Turbine Driven DFIG using TLBO Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks Mahmoud M. ElKholy H. M. B. Metwally Garib M. regal M. Ali Sadek Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Zagazig University, Zagazig, EGYPT Email: melkoly71@yahoo.com Email: elemohsadek@yahoo.com Abstract—This paper investigates the optimal active and reactive power control capabilities for typical wind turbine (WT) driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The main objective is to determine the optimal rotor voltage to extract certain active and reactive power from the DFIG over wide ranges of wind speed. Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm is a new heuristic optimization technique, used to obtain the optimum rotor voltages to achieve reference active and reactive powers overall operating points. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller is used as an adaptive controller to predict the value of rotor voltage for all operating points. The ideal power curve of a 2 MW wind turbine has been estimated to design the active power controller. The stator reactiv e power control capability with the range of  ±1.6 MVAR is developed. With the proposed control strategy, the DFIG-based wind farm provides Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), fully active and reactive powers control. For all operated wind speeds, the adaptive proposed controller develops useful networkShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Wind Power1456 Words   |  6 Pages Extending wind power and uncertain nature of loads in power systems causes difficulties in system provision due to the probabilistic trait of them. In order to plan accurately, it is important to evaluate uncertainties in optimization planning of the power system. As regards to this point, this paper presents a probabilistic multi-objective optimal power flow (MO-OPF) considering the uncertainties in wind speed and the load. This paper uses a point estimate method (PEM) which uses points for estimationRead MoreReactive Power Compensation Strategy For1445 Words   |  6 PagesREACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION STRATEGY FO R CASCADED PHOTO VOLTAIC SYSTEM Abstract – Large scale cascaded photovoltaic systems is contributing renewable energy world wide due to its unique features like reliability, power quality ,amount of energy harvested and so on. However cascaded PV system is facing one of the tough challenges like reactive power control due to varied power distribution over different PV modules. This paper addresses the issue of effects due to reactive power on system reliabilityRead MoreHybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )3014 Words   |  13 Pages such as reduction in power quality and efficiency, increase in power losses and voltage variations, as well as an adverse impact on the customers’ energy price. This paper proposed approach evaluates the effect of integrating a large number of PHEV on power system operation as well as appropriate operation of PHEVs can improve the voltage profile in the network by eliminating the voltage drops in highly-loaded buses with discharging reactive power. Furthermore, the optimal placements for char gingRead MorePhotovoltaic Based Stabilising The Load Distribution Feeders Using Lpc1159 Words   |  5 PagesMail.id:nareshsce@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Balancing load of distribution feeders is significant for falling of power loss and mitigating power flow. As the loop power controller is implanting for the active power and reactive power flows by change in voltage ratio and phase shift. So that the balancing of the load distribution feeders can be achieved. However it can include photovoltaic power producing in feeder balancing load, as a Taipower distribution feeder consisting of two feeders with large amountRead MoreSynopsis : Fig 1795 Words   |  8 Pagesstator lead reactive power, increases the real and imaginary part of rotor voltage which supplied by the rotor converter. Increasing DFIG stator lag reactive power, decreases the real part of rotor voltage in all speed range, increases the imaginary part of rotor voltage in sub-sunchronous speed range and decreases the imaginary part of rotor voltage in super-sunchronous speed range. Figs. 8(a-c) show the generated stator, rotor and total active powers respectively. Total active power is identicalRead MoreAn Interconnection Of Distributed Generations ( Dgs )1267 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding both power and heat. To ensure that the microgrid is operated as a single aggregated system and meets power quality, reliability and security standards, power electronic interfaces and controls need to be applied [1-2]. A microgrid should be capable work in two modes, grid-connected or islanded. The DGs are usually power electronics interfaced and in the grid-connected mode of operation, a microgrid is supported by the main grid’s voltage and frequency. In the island mode, the DG control is responsibleRead MoreLocation Of Statcom For Power Flow Control2401 Words   |  10 PagesLocation of STATCOM for Power Flow Control Dr..Neelakantappa, Narasapur, Hyderabad.,India Dr.AmjanShaik Narasapur, Hyderabad.,India ABSTRACT: Power flow control in a long transmission line plays a vital role in electrical power system. This paper uses the shunt connected STATCOM for the control of voltage and power flow. The proposed device is used in different locations such as sending end, middle and receiving end of the transmission line. The PWM control is used to generate the firing pulsesRead MoreLaonaon Modified Spider Monkey Algorithm821 Words   |  4 PagesOptimization Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem† expressed that to reduce the real power loss, modifications were required in local and global leader phase and a Modified Spider Monkey Algorithm (MMO) was introduced. Paper also upheld that MMO is more favorable for dealing with non-linear constraints. The algorithm was examined on the IEEE 30-bus system to minimize the active power loss. H. Sharma, et al. [45] in 2016, discussed in â€Å"Optimal placement and sizing of the capacitorRead MoreOptimal Power Flow Using Differential Evolution Algorithm Essay2776 Words   |  12 PagesOptimal Power Flow Using Differential Evolution Algorithm S.Vidya Sagar Reddy Dr.P.Venkata Prasad, Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Chaitanya Bharathi Institute Of Technology(Autonomous) Chaitanya Bharathi Institute Of Technology(Autonomous) Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India vidyasagar.sabbella@gmail.com pvp_reddy@yahoo.co.uk Abstract— This paper presents an efficient and reliable evolutionary based approach to solveRead MorePhotovoltaic ( Pv ) Based Distributed Generators Essay2088 Words   |  9 Pagesgenerators (DGs) are generally controlled as current source to deliver only active power generated by PV source to the grid. However, reactive power transfer capability of such DGs must be utilized to satisfy reactive power demand of the load or to provide reactive power support to the grid. Reactive power management for several such PV based DGs operating in parallel is a challenging task as the available reactive power capacity of each depends on the environmental conditions and may vary continuously

The Use Of The Armed Forces Is Determined By National...

The use of the armed forces is determined by national military strategy. An important role in the implementation of the national military strategy in U.S. played airpower. The versatility, speed, range, high maneuverability, and advanced technology are the distinctive proprieties of operational and strategic airpower. Over the past 70 years, the entire notion about airpower has met a massive change in modern warfare. Airpower has evolved into a fighting force with the same rights as other branches of military power. Even more, the airpower demonstrate during the regional wars since the beginning 1960 that it became an essential element in planning and conducting a military operation in order to achieve political objective with minimum loss of human life, and with maximum effectiveness. Since the beginning of the 1960s, the effectiveness of airpower in military operations became unquestionable because of its ability to deliver reconnaissance data that is essential for preparation of b attlefield, using high technological munitions that increased accuracy and firepower, and its airlift capability for rapid project of military power and maintaining the combat readiness in any corner of the globe. One of distinction of airpower mission in which it shows high effectiveness is to prepare the battlefield for future operations that could consist in further action of ground and navy forces in order to obtain the proposed outcome. One of the main requirements for preparing theShow MoreRelatedDigital Media And Its Effects On Today s Age Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pagesand convenient as it allows us to reach out to millions of people in a matter of seconds. Large multi-million dollar corporations use digital media to reach out to an individual on the subways of New York City or someone who is on a fishing trip in the deep woods of North Carolina. In recent years, the United States Military has undertaken corporate digital media strategies in order to both project an image and recruit potential applicants. Just a few years ago local recruiters would sit at their officesRead MoreEssay about The United States and Irregular Warfare Challenges1131 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States milita ry in the coming years. The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) and other national strategy documents vaguely outline the path that the US military will take in response to these two stressors. With over a decade of counterinsurgency (COIN) and irregular warfare, the leaders of the US military strategic leadership must decide to what level these conflicts shape the preparation for future wars. In order to protect US national strategic objectives, the US military must prepareRead MoreSecurity Sector Reform in Afghanistan841 Words   |  3 Pagesof internal warfare. The armed forces and police embrace a new mission of meeting the human security needs of their population. SSR targets all state institutions and ensures the security of the state and its people. Security Sector Reform is optional as well as a â€Å"normative concept.† Afghanistan is working on SSR and it is an ongoing struggle for the countries. The goal of SSR in the countries is to organize a way to achieve peace so that the people may not fear the armed soldiers and establish democraticRead MoreThe United States Code ( U.s. )1677 Words   |  7 Pagesand governs the form, function, duties, and responsibilities of the US Government†. The foundational to US National Security and foreign relations are based on the three titles in the U.S.C, namely, Title 10, Title 22, and Title 50; which â€Å"govern US Armed Forces, the Department of State, public diplomacy efforts, and national defense† (American Security Project, 2012). However, the National Security Act of 1947 was the first U.S. law on the conduct of intelligence operations. The act establishedRead MoreWar Is An Inevitable Feature Of International Politics1560 Words   |  7 Pagesfascist aggression to the European peace. War has been inevitable over centuries, which has been fought for several reasons; competing ideologies, wealth, religious reasons, chase for power through its military actions, which exercises th e real power of the state. Power arises from ‘great military powers’ and ‘great economic powers’. Indeed, the greatest powers obtained permanent seats on the Security Council of the United Nations. Can such security organisations including, non-governmental organizationsRead MoreWar Is A Human Endeavor1489 Words   |  6 Pageswork On War, â€Å"When whole communities go to war†¦the reason lies in some political situation, and the occasion is always due to some political object. War, therefore, is an act of politics.† War in itself as defined by Oxford dictionary is a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state. Furthermore, politics is defined by Oxford as the activities associated with the governance of a country or area, especially the debate between parties havingRead MoreThe Day That The 9 / 11 Attacks Happened1631 Words   |  7 Pagesrevolution in the 1960’s in Lat in America. The main point of this strategy is to have people join the fight and gain territory. Their strategy was to go into these remote villages, in either home or foreign soil, and adopt their culture, learn the language and become friendly with the people. Then they would recruit people for their revolution and if people didn’t agree, they would inflict violence. This violence was determined by Che as â€Å"armed propaganda.† This would inflict fear into the people and wouldRead MoreTechnology And Information Warfare During World War II1034 Words   |  5 PagesWarfare Will Be Determined By Electronic Means In A Few Decades, Either On The Ground Or In Cyber Space. Since the end of World War II, the instruments of war have been completely upgraded during the war; from motorization to mechanization. The powerful attack capability of mechanized troops was fully demonstrated during World War II. Thus, the degree of mechanization in the army became an important indicator to measure a country s defense capabilities. This standard has become a popular standardRead MoreAnalysis Of Carl Von Clausewitz s The Domino Theory 785 Words   |  4 PagesStated strategy was to have a strong military. President Truman stated, â€Å"America had to assume the role of world leader if freedom was to be protected and communism contained.† The United States adopted this concept because of the fear of Russia’s communist threat (Cold War). George M. Elsey articulately explains: When North Korean troops invaded the South, the Truman administration seized upon the opportunity to defend a noncommunist government from invasion by communist troops. Determined not toRead MoreEssay about Biography of George Washington1369 Words   |  6 Pagessymbol of a new republic and its principles. George Washington is the Founding Father of our nation. The American Revolution was a result of a series of social, political changes, within American society. Washington played an important political and military position in the American Revolution. The Revolution took place between 1765 and 1783. The existing Thirteen American Colonies broke free from the ruling British Empire and made an independent country. This country would be now forever known as the

Cassava Starch free essay sample

Cassava (Manihot esculenta), also called manioc, tapioca or yuca, is one of the most important food crops in the humid tropics, being particularly suited to conditions of low nutrient availability and able to survive drought (Burrell, 2003). The plant grows to a height of 1 to 3 m and several roots may be found on each plant. Although cassava leaves are sometimes consumed, the major harvested organ is the tuber, which is actually a swollen root. The plant is propagated mostly from stem cuttings. A major limitation of cassava production is the rapid post harvest deterioration of its roots which usually prevents their storage in the fresh state for more than a few days (Okezie and Kosikowski, 1982). Cassava ranks very high among crops that convert the greatest amount of solar energy into soluble carbohydrates per unit of area. Among the starchy staples, cassava gives a carbohydrate production which is about 40% higher than rice and 25% more than maize, with the result that cassava is the cheapest source of calories for both human nutrition and animal feeding. A typical composition of the cassava root is moisture (70%), starch (24%), fiber (2%), protein (1%) and other substances including minerals (3%) Compared to other crops, cassava excels under suboptimal conditions, offering the possibility of using marginal land to increase total agricultural production (Cock, 1982). Plant breeders, agronomists and recently molecular biologists have made substantial improvements in cassava yields during the last two decades. While, genetic characterization and mapping has revealed some insights into the molecular nature of cassava (Tonukari et al. 1997; Fregene et al. 003) Plastics are synthetic substances produced by chemical reactions. Almost all plastics are made from petroleum, except a few experimental resins derived from corn and other organic substances. Plastic has many properties which has made it a raw material of choice for Manufactures of plastic Bags and packing materials. Cost of production, lightweight, strength, easy process of manufac ture, and availability are few of the properties. Man has simply not put the plastic to the right use/ or using it without taking proper care of other related norms of usage. The hazards plastics pose are numerous. The land gets littered by plastic bag garbage presenting an ugly and unhygienic seen. The Throw away culture results in these bags finding their way in to the city drainage system, the resulting blockage cases inconvenience, difficult in maintaining the drainage with increased cost, creates unhygienic environment resulting in health hazard and spreading of water borne diseases. This littering also reduces rate of rain water percolating, resulting in lowering of already low water levels in our cities. The soil fertility deteriorates as the plastic bags form parts of manure remain in the soil for years. People need alternative and effective components of plastic that is safe and biodegradable which will not harm and pollute the earth. Significance: This study is important to be able to help Mother Earth in reducing its pollutants and toxic or harmful wastes. Through this study, the researchers will be able to help other people, the animals and the environment. The researchers would like to stop plastic pollution and be part of the solution. Plastic bags and bottles, like all forms of plastic, create significant environmental and economic burdens. They consume growing amounts of energy and other natural resources, degrading the environment in numerous ways. In addition to using up fossil fuels and other resources, plastic products create litter, hurt marine life, and threaten the basis of life on earth. There is over 45 million tons of plastics per year and nearly every piece of plastic ever made still exists today because of its long-life properties. Biodegradable plastics could be an effective solution to all of these problems. Biodegradable plastics are a much better choice than non biodegradable plastics because they are friendlier to the earth and the environment. Biodegradable plastics break down faster, can be recycled easier and are non-toxic. With these characteristics of biodegradable plastics, we could help save lives and the environment as well and reduce the threat plastics give to marine life. Plastic, the wonder material that we use for everything, is perhaps the most harmful of this trash because it does not readily break down in nature but if it is biodegradable, these plastics break down faster so they have a much shorter effect on the earth, and they will degrade completely. Normal plastics are manufactured using oil, and this process is very harmful to the environment by polluting the air and environment, but this is not the case with green biodegradable plastics. Using biodegradable plastics will minimize the effects that these products have on the earth, and help eliminate their waste much faster. Review of Related Literature: In the past few decades, there has been a marked advance in the development of biodegradable plastics from renewable resources, especially for those derived from starch-based materials. The goal of this development is to obtain biodegradable plastics that perform as well as traditional plastics when in use and which completely biodegrade at disposal. Several starch-based plastics have been introduced into the market, and are used in some applications now. Starch foam is one of the major starch-based packaging materials. It is produced by extrusion or compression/explosion technology. This product has been developed as a replacement for polystyrene which is used to produce loose-fillers and other expanded items. Another type of starch-based plastics is produced by blending or mixing starch with synthetic polyester. For this type of biodegradable plastics, granular starch can be directly blended with polymer, or its granular structure can be destructurized before being incorporated into the polymer matrix. The type of starch and synthetic polymer as well as their relative proportions in the blends influence the properties of the resulting plastics. The last group of starch-based plastics is polyesters that are produced from starch. The major starch-derived polyesters in the market now are polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoate. Experimental studies have demonstrated that cassava starch could be used for making various types of packaging products. As a major source of starch in tropical and subtropical regions, cassava is a promising raw material for the development of biodegradable plastics in these areas. Research has been done on HYPERLINK http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Biodegradable \t _blank \o Biodegradablebiodegradable plastics that break down with exposure to sunlight (e. g. , HYPERLINK http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ultra-violet_radiation \t _blank \o Ultra-violet radiationultra-violet radiation), water or dampness, bacteria, enzymes, wind abrasion and some instances rodent pest or insect attack are also included as forms of HYPERLINK http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Biodegradation \t _blank \o Biodegradationbiodegradation or HYPERLINK http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Environmental_degradation \t _blank \o Environmental degradationenvironmental degradation. It is clear some of these modes of degradation will only work if the plastic is exposed at the surface, while other modes will only be effective if certain conditions e xist in landfill or composting systems. HYPERLINK http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Starch \t _blank \o StarchStarch powder has been mixed with plastic as a filler to allow it to degrade more easily, but it still does not lead to complete breakdown of the plastic. Some researchers have actually HYPERLINK http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetic_engineering \t _blank \o Genetic engineeringgenetically engineered bacteria that synthesize a completely biodegradable plastic, but this material, such as HYPERLINK http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Biopol \t _blank \o BiopolBiopol, is expensive at present. The diversity and ubiquity of plastic products substantially testify to the versatility of the special class of engineering materials known as polymers. However, the non-biodegradability of these petrochemical-based materials has been a source of environmental concerns and hence, the driving force in the search for ‘green’ alternatives for which starch remains the frontliner. Starch is a natural biopolymer consisting predominantly of two polymer types of glucose namely amylose and amylopectin. The advantages of starch for plastic production include its renewability, good oxygen barrier in the dry state, abundance, low cost and biodegradability. The longstanding quest of developing starch-based biodegradable plastics has witnessed the use of different starches in many forms such as native granular starch, modified starch, plasticized starch and in blends with many synthetic polymers, both biodegradable and non-biodegradable, for the purpose of achieving cost effectiveness and biodegradation respectively. In this regard, starch has been used as fillers in starch-filled polymer blends, thermoplastic starch (TPS) (produced from the combination of starch, plasticizer and thermomechanical energy), in the production of foamed starch and biodegradable synthetic polymer like polylactic acid (PLA) with varying results. However, most starch-based composites exhibit poor material properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, stiffness and elongation at break, and also poor moisture stability. This therefore warranted scientific inquiries towards improving the properties of these promising starch-based biocomposites through starch modification, use of compatibilizers and reinforcements (both organic and inorganic), processing conditions, all in the hope of realizing renewable biodegradable substitutes for the conventional plastics. Definition of Terms Biodegradable able to decompose naturally: made of substances that will decay relatively quickly as a result of the action of bacteria and break down into elements such as carbon that are recycled naturally Starch – a white, granular or powdery, odorless, tasteless and complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles. Plastics – the word plastic is derived from the words plasticus (Latin for â€Å"capable of molding†) and plastikos (Greek â€Å"to mold,† or â€Å"fit for molding†). Plastics are polymeric, moldable and synthetic materials which are derived from fossil fuels, such as oil, coal or natural gas. Plastics consist of organic (carbon-containing) long molecular chains that give them many of their unique properties. They can be made hard, flexible, strong, transparent, light and elastic. * Polymer – long-chain molecules that repeat their structures over and over * Polyethylene Bags the bags that you will see commonly used, such as plastic grocery bags, are made from petroleum byproducts, which is the root of most all of the environmental problems that they are the source of. Not only do they take substantially longer to break down or degrade, but as they do they release highly toxic chemicals. Resin – It is a hydrocarbon secretion of many HYPERLINK http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Plant \o Plantplants, particularly coniferous trees. It is valued for its chemical constituents and uses, such as varnishes and HYPERLINK http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Adhesive \o Adhesiveadhesives, as an important source of raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. * Polymer Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP) The most popular type of hardener because of its economy and ease of use. * Polyester Resin Polyester resins are the most commonly used matrix in the marine and composite industry. These resins are styrene-based, flammable and ca talyzed when combined with Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide(MEKP). Polyester resins are unsaturated resins formed by the reaction of dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Premix Polyester Resin R10-60 – It is a fast gel premix polyester resin used for wood, kapiz, and other lamination with cellophane, â€Å"Lumirror† or â€Å"Mylar† films. It is also used to make decorative jewels and flowers from ceramic molds, to make small coatings from polyethylene amp; silicone rubber molds, and to cast on intrinsic molds such as steel or bass frames. * Plastic Resin Glue – Plastic resins are made by heating hydrocarbons in what is known as the cracking process. The goal here is to break down the larger molecules into ethylene, propylene, and other types of hydrocarbons. The amount of ethylene produced depends on the cracking temperature. Once the cracking process has been completed, the compounds are formed into chains that are known as polymers. Different polymers are combined to make plastic resins that have the characteristics needed for different applications Methodology: A. Materials 2 Cassava Tubers 180 ml of Premix Polyester Resin 300 ml of Polymer MEKP Hardener 100 grams Petroleum Jelly 3 old shirts Measuring cup Grater Plastic Spoon Knife 3 Plastic Containers Chopping board B. Procedure Gather the Cassava Tubers. Ground and squeeze it to extract the starch. Get hold of 240 grams of the starch and divide it into 3 equal parts: 80 grams in trial 1, trial 2 and trial 3. Place 60 ml of the plastic resin glue (Premix Polyester Resin) with 50 grams of flour catalyst for T1, 75 grams for T2 and 125 grams in T3. Mix and stir the components and pour it in the shirt with Petroleum Jelly and let it dry under the sun. To test its capacity to carry weight, use the plastic to carry objects. For its ability to hold water, put water inside the plastic. To test its tensile and bending properties, stretch the plastic as far as you can. Repeat steps 5-7 using T2 and T3.